Wednesday, November 11, 2015

Sourcing Strategic Investment

Sourcing Strategic Investors, Part I

Thoughts on funding your business with strategic or corporate investors

I've participated in transactions with strategic investors ("strategics") as both a co -investor (venture capital fund) and as an entrepreneur. It is perhaps most common to think of strategic investors as larger, established corporations that make equity investments in entrepreneurial ventures (and that is precisely how the Kauffman Foundation defines it). However, the reasons they make these investments vary and are more subtle than the definition implies.
A somewhat obvious reason is that the corporate investors seek to gain a strategic or operational advantage by investing in emerging technologies.  A friend of mine who has worked in multiple large corporate venture groups offered a bit more color. Corporations set up venture units to (1) serve as a single contact point for emerging technologies, which historically could get lost in the organization, (2) fill the gap in the capital markets where meaningful innovation needs to occur, and (3) align interests between technology companies, which bring valuable innovation, and the corporate enterprise. 

This article focuses primarily on direct equity investments in emerging companies, however, corporations have also been active in setting up in open innovation programs and becoming limited partners in independently managed venture capital funds (sometimes with co-investment rights).  So, a corporation need not have a dedicated fund group in order to be actively involved in the world of venture-backed companies.

Also to avoid confusion, when I refer to “venture firms” or “venture capital funds” in this article without the word “strategic” or “corporate” in front of it, I’m referring to non-strategic venture investors. These are typically venture capital funds managed by a team of professional asset managers backed by limited partners as part of a financial return strategy (rather than to gain a strategic or operational benefit).  I’m a partner in such a venture capital fund called Independence Equity.  In many cases, the limited partners want the exact opposite of strategics: little or no connection to the assets in which the managers are involved (a wall) just as the average investor doesn’t tell his mutual fund manager what to do. These lines are blurring in some cases, so stay tuned.
Setting the Stage

Corporate venture capital is experiencing a bit of a renaissance. According to National Venture Capital Association, corporate venture groups invested $5.4 billion in 2014 accounting for 11% of all venture dollars invested, marking the strongest year since 2000. I experienced this first hand in the late 90's where seemingly everyone caught the private equity bug. Many large companies, including my former employer Arthur Andersen, entered the venture game. This time it feels different and more circumspect (it was $15 billion in 2000). My former employer wasn't an experienced venture investor and the targeted companies weren't necessarily strategically aligned with its product and service offerings. Back then, service firms including accounting and law, were exchanging fees for equity. It didn’t end well and many of these initiatives were terminated. Today, I see corporate investors taking significant efforts to ensure business unit alignment, in short, to ensure there is an operational benefit in addition to a financial one.





Corporations are playing an increasingly critical role in financing important technologies.

I hope this approach proves sustainable because corporations are playing an increasingly critical role in financing important technologies. Let me offer some personal perspective.  Our venture fund invests in sectors such as cleantech, agriculture, material science and advanced manufacturing. In these circles, there is regular lamenting over the availability of venture capital. I suppose one might suspect that entrepreneurs in any sectors might state there isn’t enough venture capital, but in sectors like Cleantech, the investors themselves also feel this way (you could say they actually want a bit more competition). A combination of several factors, including capital intensity and extended sales cycles have led many venture firms away from sectors such as Cleantech and back into traditional areas of focus such as Infotech. 

Fortunately, strategic investors have stepped in where financial investors have exited. This matters a lot, because many of these companies are commercializing breakthrough innovations that benefit mankind. And, they can't all be brought to market solely on government research dollars. I'm reminded of a cover of MIT Technology Review BusinessWeek featuring Buzz Aldrin, "you promised me Mars Colonies, Instead, I got Facebook".

So, many entrepreneurs in sectors such as the aforementioned (as well as those in infotech, biotech and others) often ask me whether and how to work with these types of investors.  

It is important to understand that just like other types of investors (angels, family offices, venture capital firms, etc.) there are a wide spectrum of strategic investors, and with it, how they approach deals.

Types of Strategics

Many strategic investors begin by making investments from their balance sheets through operating divisions within the company. It's not clear to me that all these investments are captured in the aforementioned statistics, which represent more formalized venture groups. The balance sheet approach can add some complexity in terms of reporting requirements for the strategic and how entrepreneurs perceive their motivations.

Other firms have taken the step to set up a separate venture capital unit, in some instances as a separate corporate entity or business unit. This is done for a variety of reasons including internal organizational ones for the strategic, but it is also done to address a key concern of many entrepreneurs: "will the strategic attempt to tie me up in some meaningful way?"

Separate venture capital units are, in part, designed to avoid these concerns. These dedicated units take other steps as well at time such as eschewing Board of Director positions in favor of observer roles or other advisory roles. However, this is not always the case and the concern remains a real one for many entrepreneurs. 

In most of the strategic transactions in which I've been involved, the strategic sought some special rights in addition to the purchase of equity. These can come in the form of distribution and supply agreements, license agreements, exclusivities, non-exclusive rights to product/technology, right of first refusals (ROFRs) for sale of company, preferred pricing arrangements and so on. It is critical for the entrepreneur or the co-investing financial investor to understand the implication of these agreements before beginning discussions with a strategic. Many of these agreements can have a significant impact on a company's ability to pivot, exit opportunities and exit valuations.

For example, most venture capital funds will advise their entrepreneurs that ROFRs are a non-starter. And with good reason, a right of first refusal in the sale of the company can make a competitive bid or auction process impractical. Why would a competitive buyer delve deep into diligence if they know the deal can be swept away from them at the last minute by the company holding the ROFR? The potential buyer would also wonder how deeply entrenched the company is with the other strategic and be concerned with competitive disclosure issues. In short, a ROFR could restrict an entrepreneur's ability to maximize value in an exit and to create a true auction-like environment.

Remember the objective of most venture-backed companies is extraordinary returns, not average returns. From the perspective of the entrepreneur and the non-strategic investors, it is not about seeking a fair price in an exit, it is about getting the best price possible.  

While I'm on this subject, I should carefully note that many of the strategic investors with formal venture capital units do not necessarily seek to become eventual acquirers of the companies they invest in. And as highlighted previously, they often avoid some of the aforementioned conflicts by avoiding ROFRs and other issues. The strategic or operational gains can be found in other ways.
Separating Equity from Everything Else

For example, they could be a customer, distributor, supplier, etc. They could be first to market with a new technology. A distribution or supply agreement could be of great benefit to both parties. For example, imagine a small company that quickly gains access to global distribution of a large corporate enterprise. So, a key consideration becomes determining the value of any arrangement that is outside of or in addition to the exchange of equity.  
First, it is important to account for any exchange of value above and beyond the equity (as if the party was not an investor). For example, if there is a license, then that license provides some value via access to technology. License agreements often include upfront payments and royalties for the value of the technology to the strategic. A company will want to clearly capture and specify this value. 

Second, an entrepreneurial venture often will require multiples types of investors over time.  So, if an angel, venture capital firm and a strategic invest in the same company, how do you ensure they have equitable value especially if the strategic is getting “extras”?  On the one hand, access to the emerging company technology might provide the strategic a major competitive advantage in the marketplace. On the other hand, the strategic investor might bring added value that the angel investor can't. What is one to do? Account for it in discrete standalone agreements separated from the equity arrangement. For example, if there is access to technology involved then structure a separate license agreement. On the flip side, if the strategic is providing access to new markets, a distribution agreement might help ensure fair compensation for selling the company's product. In other words, price “extras” separately where possible.

Third, equity interest and operational interest may at some point diverge. For example, a strategic may at some point elect to exit an equity position, but might still want to have an operational relationship such as a license with the company. If those were intermingled, separating them may be a challenge.

In short, operational or strategic benefits need to be properly accounted for and they need to be valued separately from the price of equity. After all, the price paid for equity involves a fair exchange in percentage ownership in the company just as provided to any other investor (angels, VCs, etc.).

In Part II we will continue the discussion about alignment and how to ensure that interests are aligned between the strategic and the other company stakeholders. We will also discuss how one finds the right investor. 

As I’m habitually late in issuing these newsletters, if you’d like to discuss any of these matters before the next newsletter, send an email to lkh@theventurelab.com to schedule a time. Until then, best wishes.

Tuesday, March 3, 2015

Generally Accepted Truths of Cleantech Investing…Debunked

It is generally accepted in Cleantech investing that (1) the companies are capital intensive, (2) there is a sustainability premium associated with buying the companies’ products and (3) the adoption of the companies’ technologies requires a change of behavior.  All three can slow adoption and negatively impact scalability and internal rate of return.  Certainly this can be true for many Cleantech companies, but it isn't true for many others.

There has been an evolution and broadening in the definition of Cleantech, call it 2.0.  Cleantech 1.0 involved funding solar, wind, battery and biofuel technologies.  Many drew parallels to biotech investing in which large sums of capital and extended timeframes preceded product viability.  Then add in the need to build factories and infrastructure.  The faint of heart don’t change the world.

Often these 1.0 technologies required the end user to pay more for their use, many required subsidies or incentives to be competitive.  For example, there is a generally accepted “sustainability premium” associated with receiving power by solar relative to coal or natural gas.   The technologies also required a change in behavior, such as installing new infrastructure on the roof of your building.  Ironically, many of today’s demand response applications require the consumer to monitor or use energy in response to new information (i.e. creating more work).

So, these three so-called truths have validity, but now let’s debunk them with some real life examples in the world of Cleantech 2.0.

Every year billions of dollars in corroded metal hit the scrap heap.  Some are recycled.  Besides filling our landfills with pollutants, these metals and their coatings require enormous inputs of energy to create and recycle (been to a steel mill lately?).  Various coatings are added to metals to help them last longer; there have been remarkable improvements.  The old rust-bucket automobile is a rare sight today.  But, coatings get damaged after which corrosion ensues.  What if the coating could last several times longer?  It would reduce the need for chemicals used in cleaning and recoating metals and keep more items out of the scrap heap.  Today, self-healing polymers can be added to a coating in small quantities to prolong the life of the coating and underlying material.  Manufacturing can be outsourced to established suppliers and the paint can be applied like any other without a major behavioral change.  The sustainability premium is small relative to the performance gain and the reduction in painting cycles.

When a 500-bedroom hotel wants to heat water, how do they do it?  They typically keep large tanks of water hot with a boiler system.  These systems are large, expensive and redundant.  They keep large quantities of water hot even during times when little is being used.  Enter on-demand technology, which only heats water when it is being used and has no storage tanks.  On-demand technology is now available for use in commercial and industrial environments. Interestingly enough, the system can be less capital intensive than the system it replaces.  It can cost the hotel the same or less to buy and install, avoiding the sustainability premium.  And, it doesn't require a significant change in behavior as it uses the same natural gas and connects in a similar fashion (it actually can be a little easier to install due to smaller form factor and cooler exhaust).

Beta Glucan is used to promote animal (and human) health and as an alternative to the potential overuse of antibiotics in our food sources.  The conventional method of production involves extracting beta glucan from yeast.  It is costly, messy and involves harsh chemicals.  There is now a proprietary method to produce Beta Glucan from algae in sterile fermentation tanks (not too dissimilar to the ones used to brew beer).  It is a cleaner and more energy efficient method of producing Beta Glucan and results in a product with greater purity and lower cost.  The sustainability comes with a discount rather than a premium.  The end product is used essentially the same requiring no change for the end user.  And the production tanks are inexpensive – just as it is relatively inexpensive to start a craft brewery today.

These are just three examples of technologies that contradict these commonly accepted truths; there are many more.

Cleantech 2.0 isn't “better”; it’s just different.  Many disruptive and important technologies come with aforementioned truths and our world needs the investors who support them.   A Tesla automobile doesn't exist without major capital investments and a willingness of consumers to change the way they source fuel for their cars (the sustainability premium is dropping).

Rather, the objective of this article is to cast light on these generally accepted truths that have scared away many an investor or acted like blinders covering the eyes of others. 

The unaccepted truth is that there are numerous options to positively change the world without having to settle for a less attractive investment profile.  As Cleantech investors ourselves, we don’t necessarily want too many investors back in the game, but a few additional kindred spirits wouldn't hurt.

Copyright 2015. The VentureLab.